Author: admin

5.1 The different theoretical views on economization

There is no one theory of economization per se. Rather, economization is explained theoretically in several ways and analyzed with different emphases. What all approaches share is the view that it is a complex transformation process in which economic forms, instruments, and logics increasingly dominate in areas that are not primarily economic (value. The changes affect the macro level (fields, systems, discourses) and meso level (institutions) as well as the micro level of everyday practices and modes of subjectivation. However, the different theories differ considerably in their interpretation of the extent, the degree or. the scope of economizing transformations, which is related to the definition of ‘the economic’. For some, economization can only be measured by ‘hard’ indicators such as monetary profits or. For others, economization begins much earlier, for example, with output-oriented control in the school system, in which primarily measurable performance is evaluated by tests – similar to a system of key figures in companies, according to which success and savings potential are measured. The broad spectrum of economic forms, instruments and logics includes u.a. the primacy of efficiency and output orientation, marketization, competitive selection, the hierarchical separation of leadership (management, school board, university presidium) and operational level (employees, teachers, professors), enterprise and entrepreneurship as global guiding principles, etc. In the following, we will briefly introduce theoretical approaches that play an important role in the discussion on economization (Hohne 2012: 801-807).

System or. Differentiation theory defines economization as de-differentiation, d.h. as the dissolution of rationality boundaries and action logics between economy, politics, health, education etc., is interpreted differently in the various theories (Schimank and Volkmann 2008; Kronig 2007). It is based on the system’s own logics or rules (‘code’), according to which specific actions and communication take place in the system: For instance, according to the logic of mediating/acquiring when it comes to learning and didactic action in the field of education, while in the capitalist economy money-, exchange-, and market-based transactions according to features such as money payments, supply/demand, buy/sell, profit, minimum/maximum principle (min. costs + max. value added), etc. operates. The respective logics of the systems are not arbitrarily interchangeable because they would limit a) the social functions and b) the autonomy of the systems: A science that would be primarily economically oriented to monetary profits would no longer operate in a truth- or knowledge-oriented way – so the assumption. Pierre Bourdieu, for his part, speaks of fields in which actors act according to hybrid logics, from different positions and motives, and equipped with different resources (types of capital). Fields and actors also have their own, albeit relative, autonomy (‘nomos’ as it is called), which is always embedded in hierarchical structures and dependencies. According to this, scientists can both strive for truth and simultaneously pursue the goal of increasing reputation (= symbolic capital) and influence (= power) with it. Through economization in science, motives such as gaining reputation and power would come to the fore, implying a radicalized market-oriented competition among scientists.

Do you know this too? The night before a test or exam, even if you’ve prepared yourself, the excitement sets in. “Almost all athletes, actors and singers are familiar with stage fright before they go on stage. Most of them then have a ritual that helps them”, says doctor christopher kirchhoff.

You can also do this: for example, put a suitable book under your pillow before you go to sleep or recite a saying before you go into the classroom.

In 2017, the Swiss Music Association presented a "SwissMusicOnAir Award" for the first time. The award was given to the licensed private radio station with the highest proportion of Swiss music in its program: the subsidized local station in Bern, Radio BeO. (Image: Radio BeO)

Subsidized radio and TV stations in Switzerland and Liechtenstein tend to give more airplay to music from SUISA members than privately funded stations. In addition, most federally supported stations play many more different music titles than their counterparts focused on advertising revenues. In the interest of local music creation and cultural diversity, an abolition of the solidary levies for public service media should therefore be rejected.